ANP120 Exam 2 Review Sheet  Spring 2002

True or False

  1. Primates can be unambiguously characterized by a single derived feature shared by all members of this order.
  2. Apes are distinguished from Old World monkeys in that they have no tail and a Y-shaped pattern on their molars.
  3. Tarsiers are unique among primates because they rely exclusively on animal matter for food.
  4. Polyandry is rare in mammals, but occurs among New World primates.
  5. New World monkeys are generally larger than Old World monkeys.
  6. Substantial sexual dimorphism is usually associated with monogamous primate groups.
  7. Primates are not very diverse in terms of morphology, but they are diverse in behavior.
  8. Prosimian primates are more likely to be diurnal than anthropoid primates.
  9. Specialized adaptations are required for processing mature leaves but not flowers and fruit.
  10. Predation probably is not a very important source of mortality among primates because it is rarely observed.
  11. Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy required for an animal to maintain body temperature and basic activities such as locomotion.
  12. Unlike many other animals, primate diets do not include plant toxins.
  13. The smallest primate species must rely on fruit and leaves for their sustenance.
  14. Territories occur when females defend food resources or males defend access to groups of females.
  15. Body size and diet are related among primates as the smallest species are mainly insectivores and gummivores, while the largest species are folivores.
  16. Large animals use more energy per unit of body weight than do small animals.
  17. Male testes size is largest in one-male, multifemale groups because there are many females to inseminate.
  18. Tamarin groups with multiple adult males rear more surviving infants than groups with only one male.
  19. Monogamous primates never reproduce with individuals from neighboring groups.
  20. High levels of aggression in baboons are associated with increased levels of the stress hormone cortisol and decreased white blood cells or lymphocytes.
  21. Not all studies of primates find positive correlation between male rank and reproductive success, but none find negative correlation.
  22. Unlike males, primate females rarely compete or form dominance hierarchies.
  23. Females with more access to nutritive resources experience higher reproductive success.
  24. In animals species, males and females always contribute the same amount of investment in offspring.
  25. A female primate will support an unrelated adult more often than her own offspring in aggressive encounters because the adult is better able to reciprocate in the future than an immature.
  26. All altruistic acts are exchanged in kind, so altruism such as grooming can only be exchanged for grooming and not any other type of altruistic behavior.
  27. Coalitional support is exchanged among some primate species, but is never exchanged equally.
  28. The theory of kin selection predicts that even distantly related individuals will help each other, or be altruistic, no matter the cost.
  29. Daughters in many primate species inherit the ranks of their mothers because of maternal support in fights with conspecifics.
  30. It is easier for primates in multimale, multifemale groups to recognize maternal kinship than paternal kinship.
  31. When the coefficient of relatedness is zero (r = 0), then Hamilton's rule predicts that only small amounts of altruism will evolve.
  32. Altruism is a conundrum because it has failed to preserve species despite its widespread existence in animals.
  33. There is a lot of evidence that suggests great apes have greater cognitive sophistication and more knowledge of the minds of others than do monkeys. These cognitive abilities of great apes probably evolved in response to complicated foraging techniques.
  34. Although monkeys seem to recognize their close maternal kin, they are not able to assess if certain individuals of other matrilineages are related.
  35. Evidence to date suggests that primates are capable of recognizing the maternal kinship relationships of other members of their social group.
  36. The social intelligence hypothesis states that most primate intelligence involves foraging intelligence, whereas the ape intelligence (including humans) involves social intelligence.
  37. When evolutionary biologists speak of animal intelligence, they are referring to an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in particular environments.
  38. Animal intelligence should include behavioral flexibility.
  39. Our brains consume about 20% of our metabolic energy though they account for only about 2% of our total body weight. Such a costly feature must have an adaptive advantage or natural selection would not maintain it.
  40. The ecological hypothesis concerning the evolution of primate intelligence emphasizes intelligent foraging.
  41. The study of cladistics constructs phylogenies based on shared, derived traits observed among animals.
  42. Shared derived traits are called sympleisiomorphies.
  43. If the appearance of a shared derived trait reflects a recent, common ancestry of two or more groups it is said to be homologous.
  44. All primates have an auditory bulla that is composed of an outgrowth of the petrosal bone.
  45. Data concerning the early development of organisms is referred to as ontongeny.
  46. All primates posses a post-orbital bar.
  47. All primates posses a post-orbital septum.
  48. Placement of the lacrimal bone is inside the orbit in prosimians.
  49. Anthropoids have a fused mandibular symphysis.
  50. Prosimians have a fused frontal.
  51. Prosimians have nails instead of claws on all digits.
  52. The group Strepsirrhines is made up of Anthropoids and tarsiers.
  53. Platyrrhines have a tubular shaped ear region (a bony external auditory meatus).
  54. An orangutan is a platyrrhine.
  55. Hominoids have bilophodont molars.
  56. All monkeys have tails.
  57. All living strepsirrhines have a toothcomb.
  58. Low, rounded molar cusps are typical of frugivourous primates.
  59. An intermembral index is a unitless measures that expresses the ratio of the forelimbs to the hinblimbs.
  60. A gibbon has a high intermembral index.
Multiple Choice

  1. Primates are a very diverse order in terms of their behavior and morphology. Much of this diversity may be understood as adaptations to particular environments. Using this knowledge to gain insight into human behavior and morphology is an example of:
  1. reasoning from analogy.
  2. reasoning from homology.
  3. reasoning from convergence.
  4. reasoning from divergence.
  1. Diversity in closely related organisms living under different ecological conditions can help in the understanding of:
  1. convergent evolution.
  2. homologies.
  3. how natural selection shapes behavior and morphology.
  4. a) and c) only
  1.  Similarities among distantly related organisms can help in the understanding of:
  1. convergent evolution.
  2. homologies.
  3. how natural selection shapes behavior and morphology.
  4. a) and c) only
  1.  Derived characteristics which define the Primates concern:
  1. manual dexterity.
  2. the visual sense.
  3. the olfactory sense.
  4. all of the above
  1.  Hindlimb dominance refers to:
  1. a tendency in primates toward bipedal locomotion.
  2. opposable toes as well as thumbs.
  3. the fact that hindlimbs do most of the locomotor work.
  4. all of the above
  1.  The evolution of primates involved:
  1. a reorganization of sensory apparatus.
  2. decreased dependence on learning.
  3. greater reliance on the olfactory sense.
  4. b) and c) only
  1.  Which of the following is true of each half of the upper and lower jaws of primates?
  1. Molars are specialized, maximum of 2 incisors, 2 canines.
  2. Molars are specialized, maximum of 1 incisor, 1 canine.
  3. Molars are unspecialized, maximum of 2 incisors, 1 canine.
  4. Molars are unspecialized, maximum of 1 incisor, 2 canines.
  1.  The study of primates helps us understand human evolution because:
  1. primate evolution differs from the evolution of lower animals.
  2. we share many of the same adaptations as other primates.
  3. we share an interest in evolution with other primates.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Studying a group of species which share many characteristics due to common ancestry is an example of:
  1. reasoning from analogy.
  2. reasoning from homology.
  3. reasoning from convergence.
  4. reasoning from divergence.
  1.  The behavior of two species can be similar because of:
  1. natural selection.
  2. homology.
  3. sexual dimorphism.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Anthropoid primates:
  1. include the monkeys and apes.
  2. are nocturnal.
  3. retain more ancestral characteristics than prosimians.
  4. a) and c) only
  1.  Vertical clinging and leaping is a form of locomotion found in:
  1. Old World monkeys.
  2. anthropoid primates.
  3. prosimian primates.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Prosimians obtain their protein from:
  1. fruits.
  2. insects.
  3. vertebrate animals.
  4. protein-rich plants.
  1.  Monkeys and apes obtain their protein from:
  1. insects.
  2. young leaves.
  3. fruits.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  A large primate is more likely to be:
  1. a frugivore than a folivore, because it can out-compete smaller animals.
  2. a frugivore than a folivore, because it requires higher-quality food than smaller animals.
  3. a folivore than a frugivore, because it can out-compete smaller animals.
  4. a folivore than a frugivore, because it requires a higher quantity of food than smaller animals.
  1.  A smaller animal is more likely to be:
  1. an insectivore than a frugivore, because it cannot out-compete larger animals.
  2. an insectivore than a frugivore, because it requires higher-quality food than larger animals.
  3. a frugivore than an insectivore, because it cannot out-compete larger animals.
  4. a frugivore than an insectivore, because it requires a lower quantity of food than larger animals.
  1.  Which of the following is a key component of primate ecology?
  1. the distribution of predator and prey species
  2. the distribution of relatives
  3. the distribution of ozone
  4. none of the above
  1.  Predation in primates:
  1. is not an important ecological factor because it is not observed often.
  2. is probably an important ecological factor even though it is rarely observed.
  3. is not an important ecological factor because primates do not have natural predators.
  4. a) and c) only
  1.  Basal metabolic rate:
  1. increases with body size.
  2. increases proportionately with body weight.
  3. decreases with body size.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Territoriality can occur when:
  1. the costs of defending the territory are less than the benefits of territory access.
  2. females defend resources.
  3. males defend mates.
  4. all of the above
  1.  Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy required for:
  1. basic activities of an animal.
  2. maintenance of body processes at rest.
  3. reproduction.
  4. all of the above
  1.  Which of the following foods requires specific digestive adaptations in primates?
  1. mature leaves
  2. young leaves
  3. flowers
  4. all of the above
  1.  Territories are:
  1. fixed areas defended by members of a group against conspecifics.
  2. fixed areas defended by members of a group against other species.
  3. areas where members of a group are often found.
  4. a) and c) only
  1.  Nocturnal species are:
  1. usually arboreal.
  2. smaller than diurnal species.
  3. reliant on olfaction more than diurnal species.
  4. all of the above.
  1. Suppose that four female monkeys named Boo, Orange, Juniper, and Piper have the following dominance relationships. (Winners are on the vertical, losers are on the horizontal.)
Boo
Orange
Juniper
Piper
Boo
-
0
14
3
Orange
24
-
41
12
Juniper
15
35
-
17
Piper
8
19
28
-

     ______ is the highest-ranking female, while ______ is the lowest-ranking female.
  1. Piper; Boo
  2. Orange; Juniper
  3. Juniper; Piper
  4. Boo; Orange
  1.  Dominance hierarchies occur among females when:
  1. males are present.
  2. males are not present.
  3. food is particularly abundant.
  4. none of the above
  1.  Philopatry is:
  1. cooperation among conspecifics.
  2. altruism among conspecifics.
  3. permanent residence in natal groups.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Which of the following suggests that grouping among primates is associated with overall predation risk?
  1. Juveniles suffer higher mortality in small groups than in large groups when predators are present.
  2. Arboreal species generally form larger groups than terrestrial species because life in the trees has greater risk.
  3. Primates who do not forage in groups are small in body size and can easily protect themselves from predators.
  4. all of the above
  1.  After donation of eggs and sperm, in most animal species:
  1. only females care for their young.
  2. only males care for their young.
  3. both males and females care for their young.
  4. neither males nor females care for their young.
  1.  Dominance hierarchies are seen in multimale, multifemale groups because:
  1. low-ranking males need to compete as much as high-ranking males.
  2. low-ranking males help groups by reducing aggression.
  3. male-male competition over access to females helps form the hierarchies.
  4. all of the above
  1.  Direct male-male competition is most intense in:
  1. monogamous groups.
  2. one-male, multifemale groups.
  3. multimale, multifemale groups.
  4. All of the above groups have equal competition.
  1.  Unequal parental investment is favored when:
  1. the fitness of offspring raised by two parents is not much greater than the fitness of offspring raised by one parent.
  2. the cost of acquiring additional mates is low.
  3. offspring do not need investment.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Females may prefer males who:
  1. are of better genetic quality than other males.
  2. are more conspicuous than other males.
  3. confer direct benefits on females more than do other males.
  4. all of the above
  1.  Equal parental investment by both males and females is favored when:
  1. the fitness of offspring raised by one parent is the same as the fitness of offspring raised by two parents.
  2. the fitness of offspring raised by one parent is lower than the fitness of offspring raised by two parents.
  3. the fitness of offspring raised by one parent is higher than the fitness of offspring raised by two parents.
  4. the cost of acquiring additional mates is low.
  1.  Which type of social group has the most sexual dimorphism in body size?
  1. monogamous groups.
  2. one-male, multifemale groups.
  3. multimale, multifemale groups.
  4. none of the above
  1.  Primates have longer gestation periods than other mammals because:
  1. they have larger body sizes than other mammals.
  2. they have larger brains given their body size than other mammals.
  3. they have access to more nutritive resources than other mammals.
  4. a) and b) only
  1.  Which of the following is true of altruism?
  1. Nonhuman primates do not commit altruistic acts in the wild.
  2. Altruism can only evolve if the benefit to the group is very high compared to the cost to the actor.
  3. Altruism cannot simultaneously increase the fitness of all members of the group.
  4. none of the above
  1.  The key to the evolution of altruism is:
  1. group selection.
  2. nonrandom social interaction.
  3. reducing the costs of altruism.
  4. none of the above
  1. The coefficient of relatedness, r, is a measure of:
  1. the genetic relatedness of two individuals.
  2. the probability that two individuals acquire the same allele through descent from a common ancestor.
  3. the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share an allele.
  4. a) and b) only
  1. In recent studies of chimpanzees, researchers found that:
  1. processors of food were much more likely to share their food with individuals who had recently groomed them.
  2. grooming is reciprocal.
  3. grooming is sometimes exchanged for coalitionary support among males.
  4. all of the above
  1. Altruism at first was a puzzle to evolutionary biologists because:
  1. it should be more common in nature because it increases fitness of recipients.
  2. it should be more common in nature because it increases fitness of species.
  3. it should not be common in nature because it decreases the fitness of actors.
  4. it should not be common in nature because it decreases the fitness of species.
  1. To gather information on a very rare behavior, an interested primatologist would probably use:
  1. focal animal sampling.
  2. ad libitum sampling.
  3. instantaneous sampling.
  4. all of the above
  1. Hamilton's rule states that:
  1. selfishness evolves only among nonkin.
  2. altruistic behavior is favored if the cost to the actor is less than the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the degree of relatedness.
  3. altruistic behavior is favored if the benefits to the actor are greater than the costs to the recipients, devalued by their degree of relatedness.
  4. all of the above
  1. Imagine that an alarm caller sacrifices its life to save other conspecifics. According to Hamilton's rule, how many full siblings would she have to save for the behavior to be favored?
  1. at least 1
  2. at least 2
  3. at least 3
  4. Hamilton's rule cannot be satisfied.
  1. Imagine a caretaker who helps raise a conspecific's offspring. Such caretaking reduces her fitness by 10% and increases the fitness of the recipient by 25%. According to Hamilton's rule, in which of the following groups could this behavior evolve?
  1. groups of full siblings
  2. groups of half-siblings
  3. both groups
  4. neither group
  1. Which of the following is predicted by Hamilton's rule?
  1. no altruism should evolve when r < 0.5.
  2. altruism evolves only when r > 0.
  3. no altruism evolves among nonkin.
  4. b) and c)
  1. The stability in female dominance relationships may be due to:
  1. limited food supply.
  2. kin selection.
  3. sexual selection.
  4. none of the above
  1. Which of the following describes maternal rank and matrilineages in macaque, vervet, and baboon groups?
  1. Maternal rank is transferred to offspring, particularly daughters.
  2. Maternal kin occupy dissimilar ranks in the dominance hierarchy.
  3. Ranking within matrilineages is usually not predictable.
  4. Female dominance relationships are very unstable over time.
  1. According to the text, animal intelligence:
  1. refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.
  2. includes the ability to solve problems flexibly.
  3. includes the ability to parent effectively.
  4. all of the above
  1. The text's definition of animal intelligence:
  1. emphasizes the ability to cope with complexity and incorporate novel solutions into existing behavioral repertoires.
  2. emphasizes the ability to deal with basic problems of survival and reproduction.
  3. emphasizes the ability to consciously act in nonadaptive ways.
  4. a) and b) only
  1. A whale finds its way from a beach in Argentina to summer fishing grounds in the Arctic Circle. Which of the following is true of this behavior?
  1. This is an example of animal intelligence because of the navigational skills required.
  2. This is not an example of animal intelligence because it could be based on fixed stimuli.
  3. This is not an example of animal intelligence because it could be based on an invariable behavioral rule.
  4. b) and c) only
  1. Which of the following factors have been hypothesized to contribute to the intelligence of primates?
  1. sexual reproduction
  2. exploiting other species
  3. exploiting members of the same species
  4. b) and c) only
  1. Ecological hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence include:
  1. the ability to allocate investment to many offspring.
  2. the ability to enter into reciprocal relationships with conspecifics.
  3. the ability to process extractive foods.
  4. none of the above
  1. Social hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence include:
  1. the exploitation of extractive foods.
  2. the exploitation of other species.
  3. the exploitation of conspecifics.
  4. b) and c) only
  1. The neocortex ratio is:
  1. a measure of intelligence.
  2. the ratio of the size of the neocortex to body size.
  3. a measure of the extent to which a species has experienced intense selection.
  4. a) and b) only
  1. The only taxonomic group with larger brains than primates (corrected for body size) is:
  1. dolphins.
  2. sharks.
  3. eels.
  4. a) and b) only
  1. Milton's hypothesis predicts that neocortex ratio will be positively correlated with:
  1. home-range size.
  2. day-journey length.
  3. frugivory.
  4. all of the above
  1. Gibson's model predicts that neocortex ratio will be positively correlated with:
  1. extractive foraging.
  2. frugivory.
  3. group size as a measure of social complexity.
  4. home-range size.
  1. Attribution refers to an animal's ability to:
  1. remember who has supported oneself in previous aggressive encounters.
  2. remember whom one has supported in previous aggressive encounters.
  3. assess the mental state of conspecifics.
  4. a) and b) only
  1. A theory of mind includes the ability:
  1. to form complex coalitions.
  2. to distinguish kin from nonkin.
  3. to understand the mental states of other individuals.
  4. all of the above
  1. The auditory bullae of all primates is derived from which part of the temporal bone?
  1. lateral
  2. superioinferior
  3. pellagic
  4. pyloric
  5. petrosal
  1. A post-orbital bar is characteristic of which group of animals?
  1. primates
  2. prosimians
  3. anthropoids
  4. cattarhines
  5. apes
  1. The primitive dental condition for primates is:
  1. 3-1-2-3
  2. 2-1-2-3
  3. 2-1-3-3
  4. 2-1-3-2
  1. Prosimians are characterized by all of the following except which?
  1. fused mandible
  2. lacrimal bone outside the eye orbit
  3. unfused frontal bone
  4. a tooth combe
  5. grooming claw
  1. The group Haplorhini includes:
  1. Prosimians plus Tarsiers
  2. Tarsiers only
  3. Anthropoids plus Tarsiers
  4. Anthropoids and Prosimians but NOT Tarsiers
  1. Platyrrhines are characterized by all of the following except which?
  1. 2-1-3-3 dental formula
  2. non-tubular ear region
  3. zygomatic-parietal contact on hte side of the skull
  4. bilophodont teeth
  1. A primate with high molar cusps, crests between the cusps, a complex stomach, and a body size of 1 kg. is most likely a:
  1. folivore
  2. insectivore
  3. omnivore
  4. frugivore
  1. Kay's Threshold states that primates weighing more than 500 grams:
  1. will be terrestrial
  2. will eat leaves in addition to fruits
  3. will be monogamous
  4. will have tails
  1. Suspensory primates are characterized by all of the following except:
  1. short lumbar regions (torsos)
  2. large canines
  3. broader than deep thoraxes
  4. long metacarples, metatarsals, and phalanges
  1. Quadrupedal primates should have an Intermembral Index of about...
  1. 75
  2. 100
  3. 120
  4. 500 kg.
  1. Large orbit size is indicative of which kind of Activity Pattern?
  1. diurnal
  2. nocturnal
  3. cathemoral
  4. crepuscular
  1. Monogamous social systems are characterized in bones by:
  1. sexually dimorphic canines
  2. sexually monomorphic canines
  3. short lumbar regions
  4. sexually dimorphic phalanges
  1. In a zoo, you see a monkey hanging by its tail.  Where is this monkey from?
  1. Asia
  2. Africa
  3. South or Central America
  4. can't tell without counting its premolar teeth.
  1. A catalogue of all behaviors to be studied in a primate research project is called...
  1. an index
  2. an ethogram
  3. an encyclopedia
  4. an egret
  1. Tarsiers have all but which of the following traits?
  1. dry nose
  2. multiple pairs of nipples
  3. tooth combs
  4. unfused mandible
  1. During data collection, a primatologist using an Instantaneous Scan Sampling method observes and records...
  1. the behavior of a focal subject at a specified time interval
  2. the behavior of a focal subject averaged over a specified unit of time
  3. the behavior of all visible animals at a specied time interval
  4. the behavior of all visible animals averaged over a specified unit of time